[SystemSafety] Qualifying SW as "proven in use" [Measuring Software]

[Derek M Jones]

All,

> Actually, getting the evidence isn't that tricky, it's just a lot of work.

This is true of most things (+ getting the money to do the work).

> Essentially all one needs to do is to run a correlation analysis
> (correlation coefficient) between the proposed quality measure on the one
> hand, and defect tracking data on the other hand.

There is plenty of dirty data out there that needs to be cleaned up
before it can be used:
http://shape-of-code.coding-guidelines.com/2013/06/02/data-cleaning-the-next-step-in-empirical-software-engineering/

> For example, the code quality measure "Cyclomatic Complexity" (reference:
> Tom McCabe, ³A Complexity Measure², IEEE Transactions on Software
> Engineering, December, 1976) was validated many years ago by simply

I am not aware of any study that validates this metric to a reasonable
standard.  There are a few studies that have used found a medium
correlation in a small number of data points.

I have some data whose writeup is not yet available in a good enough
draft form to post to my blog.  I only plan to write about this
metric because it is widely cited and is long overdue for relegation
to the history of good ideas that did not stand the scrutiny of
empirical evidence.

> finding a strong positive correlation between the cyclomatic complexity of
> functions and the number of defects that were logged against those same

Correlation is not causation.

Cyclomatic complexity correlates well with lines of code, which
in turn correlates well with number of faults.

> functions (I.e., code in that function needed to be changed in order to
> repair that defect).

Changing the function may increase the number of faults.  Creating two
functions where there was previously one will reduce an existing peak
in the distribution of values, but will it result in less faults
overall?

All this stuff with looking for outlier metric values is pure hand
waving.  Where is the evidence that the reworked code is better not
worse?

> According to one study of 18 production applications, code in functions
> with cyclomatic complexity <=5 was about 45% of the total code base but
> this code was responsible for only 12% of the defects logged against the
> total code base. On the other hand, code in functions with cyclomatic
> complexity of >=15 was only 11% of the code base but this same code was
> responsible for 43% of the total defects. On a per-line-of-code basis,
> functions with cyclomatic complexity >=15 have more than an order of
> magnitude increase in defect density over functions measuring <=5.
>
> What I find interesting, personally, is that complexity metrics for
> object-oriented software have been around for about 20 years and yet
> nobody (to my knowledge) has done any correlation analysis at all (or, at
> a minimum they have not published their results).
>
> The other thing to remember is that such measures consider only the
> "syntax" (structure) of the code. I consider this to be *necessary* for
> code quality, but far from *sufficient*. One also needs to consider the
> "semantics" (meaning) of that same code. For example, to what extent is
> the code based on reasonable abstractions? To what extent does the code
> exhibit good encapsulation? What are the cohesion and coupling of the
> code? Has the code used "design-to-invariants / design-forchange"? One can
> have code that's perfectly structured in a syntactic sense and yet it's
> garbage from the semantic perspective. Unfortunately, there isn't a way
> (that I'm aware of, anyway) to do the necessary semantic analysis in an
> automated fashion. Some other competent software professionals need to
> look at the code and assess it from the semantic perspective.
>
> So while I applaud efforts like SQALE and others like it, one needs to be
> careful that it's only a part of the whole story. More work--a lot
> more--needs to be done before someone can reasonably say that some
> particular code is "high quality".
>
>
> Regards,
>
> -- steve
>
>
>
>
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Peter Bishop <pgb at adelard.com>
> Date: Friday, June 21, 2013 6:04 AM
> To: "systemsafety at techfak.uni-bielefeld.de"
> <systemsafety at techfak.uni-bielefeld.de>
> Subject: Re: [SystemSafety] Qualifying SW as "proven
> in	use"	[Measuring	Software]
>
> I agree with Derek
>
> Code quality is only a means to an end
> We need evidence to to show  the means actually helps to achieve the ends.
>
> Getting this evidence is pretty tricky, as parallel developments for the
> same project won't happen.
> But you might be able to infer something on average over multiple projects.
>
> Derek M Jones wrote:
>> Thierry,
>>
>>> To answer your questions:
>>> 1°) Yes, there is some objective evidence that there is a correlation
>>> between a low SQALE index and quality code.
>>
>> How is the quality of code measured?
>>
>> Below you say that SQALE DEFINES what is "good quality" code.
>> In this case it is to be expected that a strong correlation will exist
>> between a low SQALE index and its own definition of quality.
>>
>>> For example ITRIS has conducted a study where the "good quality" code
>>> is statistically linked to a lower SQALE index, for industrial
>>> software actually used in operations.
>>
>> Again how is quality measured?
>>
>>> No, there is not enough evidence, we wish there would be more people
>>> working on getting the evidence.
>>
>> Is there any evidence apart from SQALE correlating with its own
>> measures?
>>
>> This is a general problem, lots of researchers create their own
>> definition of quality and don't show a causal connection to external
>> attributes such as faults or subsequent costs.
>>
>> Without running parallel development efforts that
>> follow/don't follow the guidelines it is difficult to see how
>> reliable data can be obtained.
>>
>

-- 
Derek M. Jones                  tel: +44 (0) 1252 520 667
Knowledge Software Ltd          blog:shape-of-code.coding-guidelines.com
Software analysis               http://www.knosof.co.uk